ACE and metabolic syndrome: Risk factors of the patients included hypertension (953/1415, 67.35%), diabetes (291/1415, 32.33%), dyslipidemia (622/1415, 43.96%), renal dysfunction (115/1415, 8.13%; serum creatinine >84 μmol/l in females; serum creatinine >104 μmol/l in males), myocardial infarction (190/1415, 13.53%) and intervention with medication, including β-blockers, calcium antagonists, diuretics, nitrates, antiplatelet agents, statins, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers.