Moreover, the increased expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D in tumor stromal cells, including macrophages (Figure 2C and E–G), suggests a mechanism by which tumor growth, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and lymph node metastasis are enhanced in highly metastatic cancer cells. Here, IL1B is linked to cancer.