Our findings contrast with the assumption that both early and metastatic human colon cancers harbor functionally hyperactive WNT-TCF signaling through activation of steps within the signaling cascade, often through loss of APC (e.g. Clevers & Nusse, 2012), and with the finding that WNT signaling is a driver of metastases in other cancers (e.g. Nguyen et al, 2009; Yu et al, 2012). This evidence concerns the gene HNF4A and colonic neoplasm.