Moreover, considering a limited change in local endogenous IL-Ra concentrations, the increase in IL-1R modulation would require a ~100-fold increase in local IL-1β concentrations, which is supported by ex vivo data showing that IL-1β mRNA expression can be increased >100-fold in β-cells of patients with T2DM.2 The gene discussed is IL1R1; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.