An overall analysis of clinical trials for EPO treatment of anemia associated with chemotherapy in nonmyeloid cancer patients revealed the increased risk of venous thromboembolism and mortality with EPO treatment in select solid cancers [202], calling attention to the potential deleterious effect of efforts to elevate hemoglobin level into the normal range and resulting in lowering recommended targets for EPO therapy to treat anemia in cancer patients [203]. This evidence concerns the gene EPO and cancer.