AIRE and autoimmune disease: Knocked-out mice and those carrying mutations or overexpressing ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases [such as autoimmune regulator (AIRE), Itch, Nedd4, Roquin, Cbl-b, TNFR-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), Act1, Peli1, NEDD4-family interacting protein 1 (Ndfip1), A20, CYLD] develop autoimmune diseases (100–102, 105–107).