TP53 and neoplasm: Consequently, vitamin D- and p53-signaling pathways have a significant impact on spontaneous or carcinogen-induced malignant transformation of cells, with vitamin D receptor (VDR) and p53 representing important tumor suppressors (Murray-Zmijewski et al., 2006; Holick, 2007; McKeon and Melino, 2007; Vousden and Lane, 2007; Vousden and Prives, 2009; Haussler et al., 2012; Mason and Reichrath, 2013).