INS and diabetes mellitus: In a pilot study (n = 15) we developed the OKI-DO observation instrument for scoring parent and child behavior during mealtime (including glucose monitoring and insulin administration), which consists of: “emotional involvement”, “limit setting”, “respect for autonomy”, “quality of instruction”, “negative behavior”, “avoidance”, “cooperative behavior”, “child’s response to injection”, “emphasis on diabetes”, and “mealtime structure”.