S100B and hepatocellular carcinoma: Taken together, these data indicate that the transferred Nef from HIV-1-infected cells to hepatocytes through conduits is capable of exacerbating liver decay by enhancing HCV replication and by synergizing the ROS/HCV and/or ethanol/HCV replication cycle, where alcohol is known to be the second most important causative agent for HCC [86], as depicted in Fig. 8.