In parallel, we also investigated genetic manipulations on the PI3K/AKT pathway in hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis by mediating AKT expression using adenoviral transduction with wild type AKT (WT-AKT), constitutively active AKT (CA-AKT), or dominant negative AKT (DN-AKT). Here, AKT1 is linked to Hyperglycemia.