In the cancer treatment scenario, however, the assumption that the antineoplastic effects of metformin are solely attributable to its indirect, endocrine-like effects, such as its insulin-lowering effects, which are generally proposed to slow tumor growth in hyperinsulinemic patients with insulin-addicted cancers, could only explain the currently adopted long-term treatment with diabetic doses for maximal benefit in cancer patients. Here, INS is linked to cancer.