TGFB1 and endothelial dysfunction: In addition to HIF and Egr-1, the ALOX5 promoter region also contains binding sites for TGF-β [70] and NF-κB [71], [72], which are also implicated in the endothelial dysfunction [73], [74] and vascular remodeling [75] in PH pathogenesis [76], [77].