VEGFA and glioblastoma: Hypoxia promotes GBM angiogenesis, not only via hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) that directly induces the transcription of VEGF and cytokines (i.e., TNF-α), and stimulates CXCL12 expression, but also up-regulates CXCR4 expression in pseudopalisades.