CXCR4 and glioblastoma: These tests were performed in two different models of GBM CSCs (Gatti et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2013) showing that exogenous CXCL12 promoted sphere formation, and that either the pharmacological blockade of CXCR4 by AMD3100 (Gatti et al., 2013) or silencing the receptor (Lee et al., 2013) suppressed CSC sphere-forming ability after serial in vitro passages.