AKT1 and glioblastoma: In human GBM cell lines (U87-MG, DBTRG-05 and A172), CXCL12 that is released in the extracellular medium, supports cell growth, likely through an autocrine/paracrine mechanism by the activation of intracellular ERK1/2 and Akt pathways (Barbero et al., 2002, 2003).