On the other hand, it was observed that the autocrine effects of CXCL12 promote GBM CSC survival to a higher extent than proliferation: CXCR4 blockade by AMD3100 reduces CSC survival proportionally to the amount of spontaneously released of CXCL12 (Gatti et al., 2013). Here, CXCL12 is linked to glioblastoma.