The ITAS was completed by a subgroup of 748 Diabetes MILES – Australia study participants with T2DM, who were either insulin using (n = 249; 45% women; mean age = 58 ± 9 years; mean diabetes duration = 13, SD = 8 years) or non-insulin using (n = 499; 47% women; mean age 57 ± 9 years; mean diabetes duration 7 ± 6 years). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.