TGFB1 and gastric carcinoma: Increased TGF-β1 mRNA and protein have been observed in gastric carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and colorectal and prostate cancer [87], and TGF-β receptor deletion or mutations have been associated with colorectal, prostate, breast, and bladder cancer, correlating with a more invasive and advanced carcinoma, higher degree of invasion, and worse prognosis [88].