The fact that promoters for all these genes with abnormal mRNA expression by microarray analysis have AP-1 and/or Sp-1 binding sites suggests that transcription factors in addition to p53, p21cip1/waf1 and NFκB may be abnormal in bladder urothelial cells from BPS/IC patients. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1.