ATF4, pATF6(N), and XBP1-sp then activate transcription of CCAAT enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) by binding to the appropriate promoter region, and CHOP plays a crucial role in ER stress-mediated apoptosis and in diseases including diabetes, brain ischemia, and neurodegenerative disease [32]. Here, DDIT3 is linked to neurodegenerative disease.