AR and prostate carcinoma: Thereafter, the androgen receptor choreographs differentiation and growth of normal prostate epithelial cells through the coordination of multiple signalling pathways and developmental genes including sonic hedgehog (Ssh), the Notch pathway, wnt operating through nuclear β-catenin, Nkx3.1, Hoxb13 and Sox9. Unfortunately, the AR signalling axis can also actuate and stimulate carcinogenesis of the prostate, and prostate cancer (PCa) is now the second most common cancer in men in Western nations, with comparable figures rising in Asian countries [2].