HAMP and anemia: When the ALD group was divided based on iron overload or anaemia, significant changes in serum hepcidin levels were found in all ALD subgroups compared with controls: ALD patients without iron overload (22.67 ng/ml versus 36.93 ng/ml, P = 0.0081) and ALD patients with anaemia (24.30 ng/ml versus 36.93 ng/ml, P = 0.0027; Fig. 3B).