VCAM1 and Cerebral ischemia: In addition, HES counteracted the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β, in cerebral ischemia [31, 34, 35], as well as IL-8, IL-6, IL-12, and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), in the case of acute lung inflammation induced by LPS in vivo [36].