HML-2 antibodies have been observed in patients with melanoma,18 breast39 and ovarian cancers.16 In breast cancer, studies have found that both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to HERVs were enhanced in patients when compared to controls.22 HERV-K18 Env protein has been shown to elicit T-cell responses and can be upregulated in response to EBV infection,46,92 and may be a prerequisite of B-cell lymphomas.93 This evidence concerns the gene ERVW-1 and ovarian carcinoma.