HPSE and cholangiocarcinoma: In addition, the levels of expression of mRNAs encoding fms-related tyrosine kinase 1/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (FLT1/VEGFR1), heparanase (HPSE), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been significantly associated with overall survival in patients with cholangiocarcinomas 26, although we did not examine these molecular markers in patients with BDC.