TNF and Sepsis: For example, in mice with polymicrobial sepsis alone or as a ‘second hit’ after traumatic hemorrhage, it was nicely demonstrated by Chaudry’s group [51] that the ex vivo production of TNF or IL-6 after LPS activation was significantly reduced among peripheral blood mononuclear cells and splenic macrophages but that it was enhanced in alveolar and Kupffer cells.