The above-shown data confirm the leading presence of IFN-γ (P <0.0001), followed by TNF (P <0.05) and IL-4 (P <0.05), in the sera of VL patients as compared with the malaria ones, and clearly identify a shift towards type-1/pro-inflammatory polarization when malaria co-occurred with VL. The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is malaria.