Although this trend can be seen as an attempt of the immune system to contain the effects elicited by type-1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (these patients exhibited some of the highest concentrations of IFN-γ, TNF and IL-17A), the finding remains poorly representative, reflecting the response of 4 patients only, with the remaining co-infected patients (n = 11) displaying negligible levels of IL-13 just as most of VL and malaria patients. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and malaria.