IL4 and malaria: Clinical malaria cases exhibited an immunological profile qualitatively similar to that of the VL patients, with increased concentrations of TNF, IL-6 and IL-10 (P <0.0001) and, to a less extent, IFN-γ and IL-17A (P <0.01), IL-4 and IL-12p70 (P <0.05) (Figure 1A-G).