We propose to determine if aberrant snoRNAs have important function in lung TICs by: 1) profiling and comparing snoRNA expression patterns in lung ALDH1+/- cells of primary NSCLC tissues to identify signatures of TICs; 2) determining prognostic significance of the signatures by analyzing the expression in NSCLC tissues; 3) functionally investigating if the snoRNA signatures may contribute to stemness of lung TICs. This evidence concerns the gene ALDH1A1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.