INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: It has been suggested that the destruction of the small bowel mucosal architecture in those with T1DM but undiagnosed CD, causes malabsorption of nutrients which may cause reduction in glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels [14,16,18], lower insulin requirements [11,12] and increase the frequency of self-reported severe hypoglycaemic episodes (Additional file 1: Table S1).