In this study, many genes involved in these pathways were induced in T1D and GDM patients, including NLRP3 (an important receptor of the NOD-like pathway), IL1B, CXCL1, CXCL2, IL6, IL8, TNF, RIPK2, TNFAIP3 and NFKB1A. TNF and IL1B are strongly involved in the regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic processes [46] and are regulated by SOD2 [47]. Here, TNF is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.