One of the 59 regions included an extended haplotype of almost 5 Mb on chromosome 11 (between 2.75 Mb to 7.73 Mb) in the Taiwan indigenous populations of Ami and Atayal, encompassing numerous hemoglobin and olfactory receptor genes including the beta globin gene (HBB) that contains three nonsynonymous mutations (HbC, HbS, HbE) that impair red blood cell functions and cause anemia. Here, HBE1 is linked to anemia.