TNF and Cognitive impairment: TNF alters the synaptic efficacy by upregulating surface expression of  α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic (AMPA) receptors [114] and phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3) kinase-dependent processes [115], thus causing a decrease in the synaptic inhibition and cognitive impairment [56].