TNFSF10 and neoplasm: In addition to acting as a potent tumour-selective inducer of apoptosis, TRAIL is also capable of efficiently triggering the nonapoptotic pathways involving extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), p38, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt or NF-κB, which may result in increased proliferation, survival, migration, invasiveness, or inflammation in different normal and/or cancer cell types [53, 54].