As a consequence, tumor-derived low TGF-β may synergize with IL-6 and IL-21 to promote Th17 cell differentiation in early stage lung cancer, while in late stage disease tumor-derived high TGF-β may induce overproduction of Treg cytokines and, in turn, promotes a shift in the Th17/Treg balance toward a Treg response and inhibiting the Th17 response [108, 114]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and lung carcinoma.