The latter is a direct effect of gliadin, which binds to the chemokine receptor chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3), leading to myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent zonulin release in enterocytes [77], but factors other than gluten could influence intestinal permeability in both animal models of type 1 diabetes and patients. Here, CXCR3 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.