Dephosphorylated Elf-1 fails to associate with the DNA and initiate transcription of CD3ζ transcription, leading to the increased FcRγ and CD3ζ ratio [47], favouring subsequent activation of the Syk instead of ZAP-70 pathways in lupus T cells [17] (see Figure 1). This evidence concerns the gene ZAP70 and systemic lupus erythematosus.