IL1B and Sepsis: Human A3AR agonist thio-Cl-IB-MECA has an anti-inflammatory effect through the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine expression including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-1β, and TNF-α by modulating PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and an in vivo mouse sepsis model [19].