Endothelial dysfunction/activation is reflected by high levels of leukocyte adhesion molecules (e.g., vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and E-selectin), increased level of von Willebrand factor (vWf), and a shift towards prothrombotic activity of the endothelium. Here, VCAM1 is linked to endothelial dysfunction.