CXCL16 and breast carcinoma: As discussed above, TM-CXCL16 plays a pivotal role as a tumor suppressor on the development of breast cancer cells; that is, the high expression of CXCL16 or overexpression of CXCL16 significantly suppressed the invasion and migration and induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells; in contrast, low expression of CXCL16 or downregulation of CXCL16 promoted the invasion and migration of breast cancer cells.