A follow-up study with an updated Lm-based vaccine targeting PSA, but devoid of antibiotic selection markers, ADXS31-142 (Wallecha et al., 2009) was recently undertaken to determine whether its anti-tumor efficacy could synergize with the radiation therapy that is commonly administered to prostate cancer patients (Wallecha et al., 2009; Hannan et al., 2012). This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and prostate carcinoma.