VDR and colonic neoplasm: To identify VDR binding sites through the genome several groups have now applied ChIP-Seq approaches in different human cell types including immortalized lymphoblastoids (Ramagopalan et al., 2010), hepatic stellate cells (Ding et al., 2013) and cancer cell lines representing monocytic leukemia (Heikkinen et al., 2011) and colon cancer (Meyer et al., 2012).