Since the reliability of laboratory analysis biomarkers [α-fetoprotein (AFP) and des-γ-carboxy-prothrombin (DCP)] is still questionable, the accuracy of AFP is modest, especially in benign liver diseases, such hepatitis and cirrhosis and the elevated DCP activity is only ~50% of HCC patients with tumours <3 cm [61,62], novel biomarkers for early HCC diagnosis are urgently needed. The gene discussed is AFP; the disease is hepatitis A virus infection.