TNF and HIV infectious disease: Another study on Spaniard cohort showed no association with any of the individual polymorphisms at -238(G/A), -308(G/A) and -863(C/A) loci with the vulnerability to HIV infection, however the haplotype analysis in their study indicated that haplotype GAC was more frequently represented in the EU, suggesting the combination of polymorphisms within TNF-α gene may positively modulate the risk of HIV infection in an individual [19].