A hyperglycemic environment of at least 11.2 mM glucose, which is the diagnostic reference value for diabetes mellitus, and the presence of CML and free fatty acid elevate TLR2 and TLR4 levels in monocytes, glomeruli, and proximal tubules in diabetic nephropathy, and in the cultured rat renal proximal tubular cell line NRK-52E [19], [20], [21]. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is diabetic kidney disease.