LMLN and infection: Exosomes of Leishmania are considered to play a role during the early stage of infection by delivering pre-emptive strikes that create permissive environment for infection with particularly a role for gp63, the major promastigote surface glycoprotein, and EF-1α, elongation factor 1α, which are delivered into the cytosol of the infected macrophage where they activate multiple host protein-tyrosine phosphatases.