LGALS4 and cyst: To provide further evidence that apkc is required to properly orient cyst polarization within the testis and also determine whether it functions in the germline, we knocked down apkc by combining UAS-apkc RNAi lines with a germline specific Gal4 driver nanos-Gal4, or a triple Gal4 line (pCOG-Gal4; NGT-40; nanos-Gal4), MTD, that drives higher levels of UAS dependent expression in germline cells in most stages of spermatogenesis [20], [21].