INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Gosmanov et al. [6] found that AIR (acute insulin response) and FPIR (first-phase insulin release) to arginine stimulation, as well as changes in insulin, C-peptide, and the C-peptide-to-glucose ratio during a 20 h dextrose infusion, were similar among KPD, T2DM, and obese control subject.