TNF and neoplasm: MDSC can be generated in the bone marrow in response to cancer derived factors such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), IL-6, granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-1β, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and are recruited to the tumor site by CCL2, CXCL12, and CXCL5 [6].