DDIT3 and diabetes mellitus: Lindenmeyer et al showed upregulation of Chop/Gadd153/Ddit3, BiP/Hspa5, Hypoxia up-regulated 1 (Hyou1), calnexin (Canx) and Xbp1 in diabetic kidney via microarray analysis [65]; however, to our knowledge dysregulation of ER-associated genes has not previously been reported as a dominant finding in genome-wide expression studies focusing on diabetic nephropathy.