PPARGC1A and Parkinson disease: For instance, the GPEX consortium reports a PD meta-analysis of gene expression data indicating that the mitochondrial master regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha, PGC-1α, and related bioenergetic genes, including those encoding NADH ubiquinone oxidase (Complex I), succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II), cytochrome C oxidase (Complex IV), and ATP synthase (Complex V), are down-regulated in affected brain tissue from patients with both symptomatic and subclinical PD [71].