For example, ovarian cancers express G-CSFR (Ninci et al., 2000; Savarese et al., 2001), which contributes to cell survival and migration (Kumar et al., 2014), and bladder cancers express G-CSFR during the early stages of their development (Tachibana et al., 1997; Chakraborty et al., 2004, 2006), despite these tissues not normally expressing G-CSFR. This evidence concerns the gene CSF3R and urinary bladder carcinoma.