APP and Alzheimer disease: Similar results were obtained with the APP/PS1 double-transgenic AD mouse model, where treadmill exercise improved learning and memory function and LTP [191], while also ameliorating some of the neuropathological characteristics of the disease, including a reduction in Aβ deposition and tau phosphorylation as well as a decrease in APP phosphorylation and PS1 expression in the hippocampus [192].