The striking enhancement by semapimod of the therapeutic effect of ionizing radiation in glioblastoma-bearing mice is in line with the radiosensitization observed by depleting macrophages in a subcutaneous melanoma model [31] and the marked enhancement of the inhibitory effect of paclitaxel on mammary tumor pulmonary metastasis caused by a CSF-1R inhibitor that blocks macrophage recruitment to the tumor [32]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF1R and melanoma.